Multiple sclerosis has an increasing prevalence and incidence. There are many articles showing that early treatment can prevent possible disability. Expanded disability status scale assessmenthas great importance both in pivotal studies and in clinical practice to evaluate treatment efficacy. For this reason, this review has been written to be well known and not to miss the details.

Objective: This study aimed to define the approach to pregnant women with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) and to determine the maternal and neonatal consequences of the disease.
Material and Methods: Maternal and neonatal outcomes of COVID-19 pregnant women are illustrated by looking at the following parameters: Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction test, complete blood count, D-dimer and ferritin concentration, lymphocyte count, aspartate aminotransferase, C-reactive protein, and alanine aminotransferase level, neonatal umbilical blood gas analysis, admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), and lung computed tomography images.
Results: Forty-three trimester pregnant women with a diagnosis of COVID-19 were included in the study. The most common complaint at admission was cough (50%), and the most common accompanying finding was shortness of breath and fever. The delivery method was 34 patients cesarean section and 6 patients vaginal delivery. Two neonates were admitted to the NICU due to respiratory distress. There were no maternal or infant deaths. The patients were hospitalized for approximately 5 days.
Conclusion: To sum up, our study is a preliminary study and there is a need for studies involving a much larger number of patients in terms of clinical features and follow-up treatment of pregnant women with COVID-19. In this regard, long-term patient follow-up results will be extremely important.

Objective: In countries with the West Nile virus (WNV) presence, blood bank screen donated blood for WNV to reduce contamination risk. Despite surveillance studies in Turkey, which is currently a sporadic region for WNV, it remains unclear whether routine WNV screening is necessary. The aim of this study was to investigate whether WNV screening is necessary in Turkey by analyzing WNV seropositivity in blood donors (BD) in Istanbul, which houses more than one-fifth of the country’s population.
Material and Methods: This cross-sectional research was conducted between April 2020 and December 2020 as a joint study by the University of Health Sciences Turkey, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital and University of Health Sciences Turkey, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey. A total of 552 healthy BDs who applied to the blood center of these two hospitals and accepted participation were included in the study.
Results: Among the donors, 522 were male and 30 were female, and the median age of the volunteers was 37 (range 22-61) years. The city of residence was Istanbul 507 (91.8%) volunteers, while 45 (8.2%) lived in other cities. The initial WNV immunoglobulin G (IgG) results of 528 (95.7%) volunteers were negative and 24 (4.3%) were equivocal. Tests with equivocal results were repeated and all repeat tests showed negativity.
Conclusion: We did not detect WNV IgG positivity in any BD participating in our study. Our results demonstrate that WNV screening is unnecessary in Turkey. However, to prevent contamination risks, such studies must be conducted and repeated frequently after the emergence of sporadic diseases that can be transmitted by blood.

Objective: Our aim was to compare vitamin D levels of late preterm and term babies measured at birth and at postnatal 4th month.
Material and Methods: One hundred four late preterm infants (group I) and 118 term infants (group II) were enrolled in the study. Maternal age, parity, morbidities related to pregnancy, educational status, sun exposure, dressing style and use of multivitamin supplements were recorded. Gestational age, birth weight, height, head circumference, sex of infants were also recorded. Umbilical cord blood was collected from all participants and cord blood 25-OH vitamin D levels were measured. Oral vitamin D 3 supplementation (400 IU) was started on postnatal 15th day for all babies. Vitamin D measurements were repeated at the postnatal fourth month. Serum 25-OH vitamin D concentrations were measured by chemiluminescence assay. The results were evaluated statistically.
Results: Mean umbilical cord 25-OH vitamin D levels of groups I and II were 7.6±6.6 ng/mL and 7.5±6.5 ng/mL, respectively (p=0.835). Eighty-four percent of infants in group I and 78% of infants in group II had severe vitamin D deficiency (<10 ng/mL). Cord blood vitamin D levels in both groups did not differ in terms of sun exposure (p=0.595). A statistically significant increase in 25-OH vitamin D levels was seen after vitamin D supplementation in both groups (p<0.05). Also, 25-OH vitamin D levels at postnatal 4th month of life between the two groups did not differ (group I 34.4±8.7 ng/mL vs. group II 38.9±12.7 ng/mL; p=0.306).
Conclusion: Although the umbilical cord 25-OH vitamin D blood levels of late preterm infants were similar to term infants’, a high incidence of vitamin D deficiency in the umbilical cord blood was observed in both groups. Late prematurity did not pose an additional risk factor for vitamin D deficiency. After four months of oral replacement therapy, repeated serum vitamin D-level measurement confirmed significantly increased vitamin levels, almost reaching normal values.

Objective: Health workers are at the front line of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) outbreak response during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemics, the healthcare workers have been the most affected people by the infection overall the world. Eleven times higher risk for the severe infection in the healthcare workers in the current studies, especially in departments with a higher among of viral aerosols. This information would be useful to formulate job security policies and minimize occupational transmission. We evaluate the risk factors for the SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the healthcare workers of secondary level intensive care units (ICU) in which there are many viral aerosols because of the use of a noninvasive mechanic ventilator and high flow nasal oxygen treatment.
Material and Methods: Fourty healthcare workers of secondary level ICU with a capacity of 16 patients were included in our study between November and December 2020. The risk factors and incidence of COVID-19 infection were evaluated by making a questionnaire.
Results: 25% of the healthcare workers (n=10) were infected by SARS-CoV-2. The infected ones were remarkable with younger age, less experienced, and long duty hours (p<0.05). There were no significant differences between the gender, daily duty hour, smoking, marital status, body weight, history of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, duration of rest after the duty of the two groups (p>0.05).
Conclusion: As a result, younger age, less experience and longer duty hours were the risk factors for COVID-19 infection. Our study can be useful to ensure that all necessary preventive and protective measures are taken to reduce occupational risks of SARS-CoV-2 transmission to healthcare workers.

Aortic root translocation is a surgical choice offering potential advantages for combinations of transposition of the great arteries (TGA), pulmonary stenosis (PS), and ventricular septal defect (VSD). Six patients were included in this analysis. All of them were diagnosed with TGA, PS, and VSD and all of them underwent the Nikaidoh procedure. In 2 of these 6 cases (33.3%), aortic translocation was performed on a beating heart. Performing aortic root translocation on a beating heart is probably useful in reducing the cross-clamp time and the mortality rate, as well as preventing coronary malposition.