Incidence and Clinical Profile of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Infants Admitted with Diagnosis of Lower Respiratory Tract Infection

Objective: Lower respiratory tract infections of predominantly viral origin disproportionately affect infants and children, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a primary pathogen in this age group. This study employed rapid testing methodologies to detect RSV infection among hospitalized pediatric patients, providing insights into its prevalence, epidemiological, and clinical characteristics, and impact on mortality and morbidity.
Material and Methods: This study, conducted between September 1, 2009 and April 30, 2011, targeted infants aged 0-24 months who were hospitalized with lower respiratory infections at the Pediatric Clinic of University of Health Sciences Turkey, Kartal Dr. Lütfi Kýrdar Training and Hospital. Upon admission, each patient underwent a comprehensive medical history evaluation, which included assessments for prematurity, congenital heart disease, recurrent infectious diseases, reactive respiratory system disease, and immune system disorders. Additionally, physical examination, routine tests, and nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected. RSV detection was performed using the Respi-Strip kit.
Results: Among the 311 patients included in the study, 182 (58%) were male, and RSV was detected in 110 (35%) patients. Of those who tested positive for RSV, 72 (65%) were male. A significant prevalence of RSV infection was observed among patients aged 6 months. The incidence of RSV was notably higher in December, January, and March. A statistically significant negative correlation was found between the duration of breastfeeding and the likelihood of RSV infection. RSV positivity was significantly associated with temperatures below 10 °C and relative humidity levels exceeding 60%. Additionally, a significant association was noted between RSV infection, the presence of clinically diagnosed otitis media, and chest retraction.
Conclusion: Regular screening for RSV is essential for early diagnosis, enabling targeted therapy, and improving patient outcomes. This proactive strategy may reduce morbidity, mortality, and economic impacts. Further epidemiological and clinical research on RSV transmission is crucial for protecting populations at risk, enhancing disease prevention measures, optimizing isolation protocols, and developing novel treatment options.